In the realm of cybersecurity, reconnaissance plays a critical role. It is an initial phase where information about a target system or network is collected to identify potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Reconnaissance does not guarantee a vulnerability, but it facilitates the accumulation of assets and the construction of…

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a widely used protocol for accessing and managing directory services. It is often employed for centralized authentication and authorization of users within an organization. However, just like other web technologies, LDAP is susceptible to security vulnerabilities, one of which is LDAP injection. In this…

In the realm of cybersecurity, understanding and evaluating the risks associated with vulnerabilities is crucial for effective prioritization and remediation. This blog will explore the concepts of risk, risk severity, and risk score in the context of vulnerabilities, with detailed explanations, technical examples, and analogies to help you grasp these…

As a business owner, you’ve probably heard of vulnerability assessments and penetration testing in the context of cybersecurity. While both of these processes aim to enhance your organization’s security, they are not the same thing. In this blog, we’ll explain the differences between vulnerability assessments and penetration testing, and why…

As a bug bounty hunter, one of the vulnerabilities that you should be aware of is email header injection. This vulnerability arises when user input is not properly validated before being sent to an email library, potentially leading to spam or phishing attacks. This blog will discuss how email header…

As a bug bounty hunter, one can start learning penetration testing through observation, which is a largely unstructured way of learning. While we may learn different methods to exploit bugs and become skilled pentesters with practice, we often overlook fundamental cybersecurity terminology such as threat, vulnerability, weakness, and flaw. These…

Penetration testing (pentesting) is a type of security assessment that involves simulating an attack on a computer system, network, or web application in order to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. The goal of pentesting is to improve the security of the system by identifying and fixing vulnerabilities before they can be…

A time manipulation attack is a type of attack that exploits the fact that smart contracts are deterministic. This means that they will always execute the same code in the same way, given the same input. In a time manipulation attack, the attacker tries to trick the smart contract into…

Using tools like Burp Suite or sqlmap to craft malicious requests that inject code or commands into web apps is a common technique used by attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications. The following steps will explain how to use Burp Suite and sqlmap to inject code or commands into…